Plants are listed in alphabetical order by common name. Click on the common name to see a photograph of the plant.
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Common name Latin name Growth cycle Part used Toxicity Traditional Use
Aletris, Unicorn Root, Stargrass Aletris farinosa Perennial Root
O
Threatened species from loss of habitat and over harvesting. Use analogs when possible. Antispasmodic to uterus, Useful for menstrual cramps, severe dysmenorrhea, post partum pain, pelvic inflammation or endometriosis pain. Analogs: Cyperus (Xiang fu) for gynecological pain, Black cohosh (not threatened but has broader use).
Alum Root, Coral Bells Heuchera americana Perennial Root
O
Powerful astringent for diarrhea, and for passive bleeding, styptic.
Andrographis Andrographis paniculata Annual Herb
O
The main cold, flu and upper respiratory system herb in much of Europe; for viral and bacterial infection. It is a bitter tonic and is used for liver problems, especially of viral or bacteria origin. Like all bitters, it normalizes blood sugars. Anticancer and antioxidant.
Angelica Angelica archangelica (European) A. atropurpurea (American) Triennial Root
O
One of the few warming bitters, Angelica is the best, used in bitters formulae for leaky gut syndrome and digestive disturbances. It is effective for arthritis exacerbated by cold and damp, and for fibromyalgia. An emmenagogue, it has been used for thousands of years to control fertility. It moves blood, and treats fibroids, cysts, and stagnant, clotty menses.
Angelica, Chinese, Dang Gui, Dong Quai Angelica sinensis Biennial Root
O
A primary treatment for Deficient Blood – anemia, fatigue, chronic feeling of coldness, palpitations, angina, stagnant blood, amenorrhea, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, dysmenorrhea, hemorrhagia. It has three effects: a) strengthens, b) nourishes, and c) moves blood. It is an ingredient in Woman’s Four Herb Tea, along with Ligusticum, Rehmannia, and White peony. If peach pit, cinnamon, and tree peony are added it is good for fibroids. It has an effect on the heart – angina, ischemic heart pain – combined with Dan shen (salvia miltorrhiza).
Anise Hyssop Agastache foeniculum Perennial Herb
O
A “stomach” herb for gas (carminative), vomiting, morning sickness. Also used as a culinary herb, it tastes similar to licorice.
Arnica, Leopard’s Bane, European Arnica Arnica montana Perennial Flowering tops, leaves and flowers
XX
Not to be used except by a trained herbalist. Famous Swiss herb used externally for bruises, burns and inflammations. Topically: bruises, sprains, muscle aches, and trauma injuries. Internally: bruises, sprains, muscle aches, and trauma injuries (toxic, extremely low dose or homeopathic suggested). Muscular pain, bruising, trauma, healing of nerve damage (with St John’s Wort). For acute use only, not long term like in Fibromyalgia. Contains toxic alkaloids, arnicine, lobelamine, lobeline.
Ashwagandha Withania somnifera Annual in this zone Root
O
Highly regarded Ayurvedic (Indian) medicine herb sometimes called “Indian Ginseng.” It is the primary strengthening tonic in Ayurveda, used for everything from general weakness, rheumatism, insomnia, infertility, impotence and “weakness of the mind.” Is a calming adaptogen. Useful with the muscular pain of fibromyalgia.
Astragalus, Chinese Milkvetch Astragalus membranaceus Perennial Rhizome
O
For deficient Wei qi (immune system). Treats symptoms such as frequent colds, flu, sweating too little or too much. Major lung tonic. Great immune amphoteric. In Fu Zheng Cancer Therapy.
Atractylodes, Bai Zhi Atractylodes macrocephala Perennial Roots
O
Used in TCM for strengthening the spleen and building chi (energy). Used to treat chronic diarrhea, fatigue, lack of appetite and vomiting related to damp spleen or stomach deficiencies.
Bacopa, Brahmi Bacopa monniera Annual Leaf
O
The great Ayurvedic brain tonic. For calming and focusing the mind, ADD, ADHD, foggy thinking and brain fatigue, promotes clarity of thinking and concentration. A nerve and cardiac tonic with a tranquilizing action; major anxiolytic. Helps recovery from stroke. Don’t confuse with flowering bacopa (Sutera).
Balloon Flower Platycodon grandiflora (blue – don’t use hybrids) Perennial Processed root
O
Primary for all lung problems in TCM. Great because it has neutral energy-conditions with coughs and mucus that are hot or cold in nature. Makes coughs more productive, in bronchitis and pneumonia, beneficial in throat and voice problems – laryngitis, irritation to vocal chords, sore throats. Also used in coughs syrups for dry irritative coughs, and pertussis.
Barberry Berberis vulgaris (old), Mahonia aquifolium (new) Perennial Root bark
O
For sallow, dirty looking skin with a yellow green hue, pimples on back, neck or buttocks, large, red, and not coming to head, tongue heavy, mossy, yellow, brown or greenish moss. It is an analog for Goldenseal.
Basil, Holy Basil Ocimum sanctum, O. basilicum Annual Leaf
O
Culinary uses. In India, basil is a sacred herb used as a brain tonic to calm the mind, increase clarity. It is antidepressant, stimulates pituitary and hypothalamic activity, and potentially for other conditions that cloud or muddle thought, such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, fibromyalgia fog, menopause. The essential oil increases wakefulness; place a few drops in a napkin and inhale to increase wakefulness while driving or studying. Useful in ADD in kids. Carminative. Antiviral agent, mild enough to take regularly to suppress systemic viruses, like herpes. Basil leaf is an adaptogen which helps the body modulate the stress response. Basil lowers blood pressure and blood sugar.
Bears Breeches Acanthus hungaricus Perennial Leaves
O
The Complete Herbal and English Physician cites acanthus as an herb, with several medicinal properties. These include: “The leaves being boiled and used in clysters, is excellent good to mollify the belly. The decoction drank inwardly, is excellent and good for the bloody-flux. The leaves, being bruised or rather boiled and applied like a poultice are excellent good to unite broken bones and strengthen joints that have been put out. The decoction of either leaves or roots being drank, and the decoction of leaves applied to the place, is good for the king’s evil that is broken and runs; for by the influence of the moon, it revives the ends of the veins which are relaxed. There is scarce a better remedy to be applied to such places are burnt with fire that this is, for it fetches out the fire, and heals it without a scar.” Who knows what all that means, but it’s beautiful.
Beardtongue Penstemon spps. Perennial Root
O
TB remedy, and for colds, coughs, whooping cough. An eyewash for sore eyes, also used in GI cramps.
Bee Balm, Bergamot Monardia didyma (red), M. fistulosa (indigenous purple), M. punctita (horsemint) Perennial Leaf and flower
O
Great oregano substitute (red). Used for nausea, flatulence and/or vomiting, associated with colds or intestinal viruses. Tea substitute after the Boston Tea Party.
Belladonna, Deadly Nightshade Atropa belladonna Perennial Herb
XXX
Not to be used except by a trained herbalist.Source of atropine, valuable in treating eye diseases and spasms. External applications lessen local inflammation and pain. Used for symptoms such as dull face, dilated pupils, white circles around the eyes (chronic pain), compressible, oppressed pulse, dullness of mind, associated with spastic pain, i.e., whooping cough (pertussis), congestive dysmenorrhea, or vasodilative migraines, bladder spasms, gastrointestinal spasms and IBS, gall bladder spasm. Acute spastic pain.
Bindweed Convolvulus arvensis Perennial Herb
O
A purgative and cholagogue. As a wash for spider bites. Used for excessive menstruation.
Bishop’s Cap, Mitrewort Mitella diphylla Perennial Leaf
O
An infusion of the leaves is used to treat fevers. The infusion can also be used as eye drops for sore eyes.
Black Cohosh Cimicifuga racemosa (old), Actaea racemosa (new) Perennial Root
O
On the To Watch List, over harvested. Muscular arthritis (fibromyalgia), uterine pain, doom and gloom depression, liver wind (spasms), menopausal hot flashes.
Black Eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta Perennial Root and flowers
O
Anthelmintic (dewormer). Root ooze was used for earache. Diuretic. Snakebite remedy. Venereal disease. Cold remedy. Eye medicine. Similar in usage to Echinacea. A cold infusion of flowers was a headache remedy and for fevers.
Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis Perennial Rhizome
X
Externally an escharotic. Harsh, dry cough with constant tickling especially of the uvula, pharynx or larynx. The tissues lack tone and there is a lack of healthy mucous production. Thick acrid mucous hard to expectorate.
Bluebells Mertensia virginiana Perennial Root
O
Pulmonary aid for whooping cough, TB (Cherokee), poison antidote, venereal disease (Iroquois). Grow them just because they are so beautiful!
Blueberry Vaccinium spps Perennial Fruit and leaf separately
O
Fruit, for poor integrity of capillaries in the eyes. Leaf, for adult onset (Type II) diabetes, not insulin dependent diabetes. For borderline DM that is responsive to diet control.
Blue Cohosh Caulophyllum thalictroides Perennial Root
O
Threatened. Specific for ovarian pain from endometriosis and ovarian cysts. Specific for inflammatory arthritis of small joints – wrist, ankle, fingers, toes, (rheumatoid arthritis). Oxytocic. Partus preparator, in Mother’s Cordial.
Blue Flag, Native Wild Iris Iris versicolor Perennial Rhizome
X
A powerful herb, alterative, a powerful metabolic stimulant, in formulas for many chronic diseases. Not for weak or deficient people.
Blue Vervain Verbena hastate, American, V. officinalis, European Perennial Flowering herb
O
For irritation, irritability, anxiety, esp. assoc. with PMS or menopause. Spasticity of muscles. Petit mal seizures associated with menses. Sometimes called Simpler’s Joy.
Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum Perennial Leaf and flower
O
Fever remedy, makes sweat and brings down fever.
Borage, Star Flower Borago officinalis Self seeding Annual Flowers and leaves
O
The edible flowers taste like cucumbers. Leaves are a mineral high drink and seasoning. Adrenal tonic for stress, anxiety and depression. Lowers fevers. Used for dry coughs and dry skin rashes, and as a galactogogue.
Bouncing Bet, Soapwort Saponaria officinalis Perennial Root
O
Used as soap, and the leaves as a boil poultice. Not for internal use.
Bowman’s Root Porteranthus trifoliatus Perennial Leaves
X
The Cherokee used this externally as a poultice for rheumatism. It is a cold remedy as weak cold tea in small doses. It is an emetic.
Bugle, Bugleweed Ajuga reptans Perennial Flower, leaf, and stem
O
The shoots used in salads. The plant is analgesic for bruises and small wounds and is a mild laxative. It is used as an infusion to stop internal bleeding and may lower blood pressure. Historically, used for jaundice and obstructions of the liver and spleen and as a mild narcotic. In homeopathy, it is used for throat irritation and mouth ulcers.
Bupleurum, Chi Hu Bupleurum spps, B. chinensis, B. falcatum, B. scorzonbraefolium Perennial Root
O
Major liver herb for both Chinese and Western liver ailments. For malarial fevers, tidal fevers. Used to treat menstrual dysfunction via the liver. Hepatitis with no appetite, constant fatigue.
Burdock Arctium lappa Biennial Root, seed
O
The seed is used for itchy, scratchy, scaly skin. The root is an alterative and lymphatic used for skin, gut and cancer. Rich in inulin which normalizes gut flora and balances blood sugar.
Butterfly bush Buddleia officinalis Perennial Flower bud before opening
O
Usage is similar to blueberry, for eye problems, to drain fire from the eye (red, swollen, painful eyes), excessive tearing, superficial visual obstruction or sensitivity to light. Use unhybridized species which has purple flowers.
Calendula, Pot Marigold Calendula officinalis Self seeding annual Flower
O
Calendula has a special affinity to the skin and mucous membrane tissue that’s inflamed, infected or degenerating. Also, for excessive heat, both topically and herbally, cervical dysplasia, herpes, shingles. Wound herb. Internally, is a lymphatic herb. It is loaded with carotenoids and flavonoids, which support vascular health.
California Poppy Eschscholzia californica Annual Entire plant
O
For excess (yang) insomnia or anxiety. For stress headaches with pain. Antispasmodic. Mildly narcotic colorless juice was used by Californian Indians to treat toothache. Brilliant orange to yellow flowers.
Catnip Nepeta cataria Perennial Flowering herb
O
Major children’s herb for kid’s colds, fevers stomach aches and gas, with Chamomile, Peppermint, Lemon Balm, Fennel or a little Ginger. Also for adults and children who internalize emotions in their gut, with Chamomile.
Cedar, Weeping Blue Atlas Cedar Cedrus atlantica pendula Perennial  
O
Antidandruff, antifungal, antiseptic, nervine, pectoral, skin. Essential oil is antiseptic, and fungicidal, astringent, diuretic, expectorant and sedative. Use for skin diseases.
Chamomile, German Matricaria recutita Self sowing annual Flower
O
Children’s remedy. For colds, flu, stomach aches, intestinal viruses, cold and flu. If a child is irritable and cranky, it relaxes him. For leg cramps, stomach cramps, growing pains, teething babies, hyper kids, ADD, bad dreams, kids who wake up a lot at night, headaches, flatulent colic, nausea. For adults and children, as an anti-inflammatory, for those who internalize emotions in their gut, for gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, IBS, spastic colon, diverticulitis, or get stress related constipation.
Chaste tree Vitex agnus-castus Perennial Fruit and seed
O
For PMS, especially with anxiety; hot flashes; estrogen sensitive fibroids; all with elevated levels of estrogen and low levels of progesterone. Premier balancer of women’s hormones, in all women’s formulas.
Cherry tree, Black Cherry, Wild Cherry Prunus virginiana or P. serotina Perennial Well dried young inner bark
X
Spasmodic coughs with excessive dampness. Spasms of the diaphragm. The fruit is edible, builds blood and is useful for gout. Wilted leaves contain cyanide.
Chickweed Stellaria media Perennial Fresh herb
O
Good nutritive addition to the diet, add it to salads. Best if juiced fresh or you can use a tincture. For irritation and inflammation of the GI tract. Externally it is a wound herb and makes an excellent poultice.
Chives, Garlic Chives Allium spps. Perennial Flower tops and bulbs
O
Culinary. See garlic.
Cilantro and Coriander Coriandrum sativum Annual Herb and seed
O
Popular fresh as a seasoning in Mexican food. Seed is used in curry mixes. Carminative.
Cinquefoil, Tormentil Potentilla simplex Perennial Root
O
Astringent, hemostatic, antidiarrheal, febrifuge. One of the Druids’ Seven Sacred Plants.
Clary Sage, Clary Salvia sclarea Biennial Herb, seeds and flowers
O
Seeds soaked in water produce a mucilaginous eye bath which safely removes particles, hence its name “clear eye” or clary. Used as a fixative in potpourris. Handsome aromatic flowers.
Cleavers Galium aparine Annual Herb
O
For irritation of the urinary tract, including cystitis, burning urine and irritation of the vas deferens. Also used for lymphatic swelling, especially under the neck in kids’ throat area.
Clematis, Virgin’s Bower Clematis spp. Perennial Root
X
For migraines of certain types, excess migraines, classic migraines. Virgin’s bower has white flowers, and many cultivars. It is a woody climbing vine native to the eastern and central US. An infusion of the leaves and flowers is used to relieve severe headaches. Sometimes used to make ointments for sores, skin ulcers and itchy skin. Can cause dermatitis or stomach upset in some sensitive people.
Clove Pink, Gillyflower Dianthus spps, D. superbus or D. chinensis Perennial Flowers petals and herb
O
In European traditions, used as a nerve tonic, also in cooking and perfumes. In TCM, used for urinary tract infections, especially with blood, and constipation.
Codonopis, Poor Man’s Ginseng or Dang shen Codonopsis pilosula Perennial Root
O
For deficient qi with fatigue and weakness, and deficient spleen qi. Normalizes the immune system, in Fu Zheng. Important Chinese medicinal herb similar in action to ginseng. Sweet tasting roots have been shown to boost red cell and hemoglobin counts in rabbits. Used as a tonic in anemia, fatigue, shallow and strained breathing, poor appetite, dyspepsia, and diabetes. Unusual violet streaked green bell shaped flowers on vine.
Colicroot Liatris squarrosa Perennial Root
O
For colic. Also see Liatris, Gayfeather.
Collinsonia, Stoneroot, Horsebalm Collinsonia canadensis Perennial Entire fresh plant
O
The fresh plant is called aromatic collinsonia, and is more powerful than dried root or dried whole plant – the leaves smell like Lemon Pledge. Very fragrant, and the least square stem of the mints. For venous congestion with a sense of fullness, constriction or stagnation, engorgement, e.g. hemorrhoids of recent onset (6-12 mos, not old hemorrhoids), varicose veins (new onset), ministers’ or teachers’ talking or singing with chronic low grade irritation of vocal cords, used as gargle and swallow. Used with wild cherry for vocal cord spasms. For benign prostatic hypertrophy and venous congestion, with white sage, nettle root, saw palmetto. For uterine prolapse with raspberry leaf, partridge berry, and white pond lily; for prolapsed rectum, or prolapsed bladder; useful for all prolapses (with raspberry and partridge berry and white pond lily), and interstitial cystitis. For mitral valve prolapse with hawthorn, cactus and collinsonia – if taken for 1-2 years improves heart valve tone. For long-standing older hemorrhoids use with figwort & horse chestnut. For varicose veins, use with hawthorn, calendula and lycium fruit.
Columbine Aquilegia spps Perennial Root, seeds, plant
X
The root used externally for the treatment of common skin diseases. Flowers and leaves are now considered too poisonous to use as diuretics. It is used homeopathically to treat problems of the nervous system. The seeds can be fatal to children.
Comfrey, Knitbone Symphytum officinale Perennial Leaf and root
X
The historical use of comfrey was predominately externally or internally for short periods of time only. Use the root or leaf externally. Use the leaf with aloe and vitamin E for scrapes, scratches, abrasions. Not for puncture wounds, as it heals the top before the wound can heal internally, and can trap infection inside. Historically it was used externally to stimulate the healing of torn ligaments and tendons and to stimulate the healing of broken bones. It’s not known why it works.
Corydalis, Turkey Corn, Squaw’s Corn Corydalis chinensis Perennial Root
O
Dicentra canadensis (pictured) is a closely related American equivalent. They are interchangeable, but American is over harvested and the roots are small. The Chinese grow their Corydalis and the roots are bigger. Related to Dutchman’s Britches. The roots look like corns (American). For pain caused by trauma. Used extensively for cancer pain. Pain of all sorts. One of the more important Chinese pain medicines. Insomnia with pain.
Culver’s root Veronicastrum virginicum Perennial Root
O
Constipation or slow transit time caused by congested liver or liver insufficiency, use with carminatives.
Cyperus, Chafu grass, Nut Sedge, Earth Almond

Cyperus rotundus

[Note: photo shows tuber as well as grass.]

Tender perennial Tuber, very deep
O
The is the primary TCM herb for gynecological pain, but is not limited to that. It increases the pain threshold, and treats a wide range of pain, so that you can tolerate more pain. E.g. Menstrual pain, uterine pain, ovarian pain (endometriosis pain), fibroids pain, ovarian cyst pain, polycystic ovaries pain. Also for liver wind pain and constrained liver qi (e.g. flank pain, chronic feeling of fullness in liver, liver invades stomach and causes rebellious qi symptoms, bad indigestion, gas pain, Irritable Bowel Syndrome pain, spasms, or spastic colon pain, stomach pain, hernia pain, intestinal pain. Used with Woman Four Herb Tea for pain and helps remove stagnation, e.g. irregular menses, amenorrhea, especially with pain. It is for short or long term use. It is a food plant and so is safe.
Cypress, Dwarf Hinoki Cypress, Gold Thread Cypress Chamaecyparis obtusa nana gracilis compacta, Chamaecyparis pisifera filifera aurea nana Perennial Resin
O
Cypress is a powerful diuretic, antirheumatic, skin poultice. Branch tips were used as a wash for sores.
Dandelion Taraxacum officinale Perennial Whole Plant
O
Root: Digestive Bitter; increases digestion, absorption, elimination, and saliva flow, increases HCl acid production, increases liver enzymes, increases bile production and secretion and as an aperient, it normalizes bowel function and increases small intestines and pancreatic enzymes. A great normalizer and toner to liver. Leaf: strong diuretic, spares potassium. Nutritious. Flower: edible and rich in carotenoids and lutin, dandelion wine can be made from it. Latex: specific for warts.
Datura Datura stramonium    
XXX
see Thorn apple
Delphinium Delphinium grandiflorum and D. exaltatum (native to U.S.) Perennial Whole plant
XX
Not to be used except by a trained herbalist. The blue flowers were used as a dye for quills and as ceremonial items (strewing herbs). Delphinium is an emetic. It has some usage as an external wash. It is toxic to cattle.
Dutchman’s Britches Dicentra cucullaria Perennial Leaves
O
Used as a liniment to strengthen runners legs. Love medicine for Menominee. A related species, Bleeding Hearts (Dicentra formosa), was used as worm medicine, toothache remedy, and a wash for hair growth.
Echinacea Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea, E pallida Perennial Root, leaf juice, flower heads, seeds
O
For acute onset of bacterial and viral infections – cold, flu, bronchitis, etc. For blood dyscrasias with a tendency towards sepsis & boils (heat in blood), e.g. Staph. infections. Snakebite. Cancer pain.
Elder, Elderberry Sambucus canadensis Perennial Berry and flower
X
This shrub has an ancient history of use as a cold and flu remedy, as a traditional European remedy among the Romm people (Gypsies) and among the Native Americans for lung problems. For kids: elder flower and peppermint for head colds, fever, cold, chest colds, sinusitis, flu. Children’s remedy for eruptive diseases to bring out the eruptions and speed the end of the disease (chicken pox, measles, etc.) Great antiviral. For adults, elder flower and yarrow (peppermint is not strong enough) for colds and flu. An infusion of the flowers was made into a traditional wash called “Queen of Hungary” water, for itchy dry flaky skin; it is demulcent and soothing. Good for skin, tones it and leaves skin soft. Maurice Messegue, French herbalist, used the flowers in foot and hand baths for fevers and to soothe skin. BERRIES: Great antiviral agent. Pleasant tasting. It is a rich source of flavonoids, and as such is strengthening and nutritive to the vascular integrity of veins, capillaries, and arteries for spider veins, varicose veins. For degeneration of the eye (same flavonoids as blueberry use in visual purple), for night blindness, prevents Diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosis, macular degeneration, and slows the progression of cataracts, although it is not curative. Fresh berries can be nauseating if more than a few are eaten, and possibly might be slightly toxic. Berries should be dried, cooked, or rendered into a tincture before using. Green berries are an emetic. The bark is emetic. The syrup is loaded with flavonoids, vitamin C, Fe. They can be made into jams and jellies.
Elecampane Inula helenium Perennial Root
O
A lung herb. It carries neutral energy and is therefore good for any energy lung condition and works well, whether hot, cold, damp or dry. Is an expectorant, antibacterial, antiviral and its volatile oils are excreted via the lungs.
Eleuthero, Siberian Ginseng Eleutherococcus senticosus Perennial Root
O
The Ginseng most appropriate for everyday use. As an adaptogen, used by Russian cosmonauts and athletes to improve endurance. It is a powerful tonic and restorative and relieves the effects of mental and physical stress.
Evening Primrose, Sun Drop Oenothera biennis Biennial Root bark, leaf, flower
O
For spastic colon, an excellent combination of tannins and mucilages for IBS with mucous or bloody discharge. Antispasmodic. Evening Primrse Oil (from the seeds) has therapeutic activity for wide range of inflammatory conditions.
Everlasting Helichrysum arenarium Perennial Herb
O
A European wildflower with cute yellow flowers resembling cat’s paws. Spicy, aromatic dried flowers keep their color well, and are often added to commercial herbal teas for color. It is useful for dyspeptic disorders. The essential oil, combined with Lavender essential oil, is one of the best scar remedies I know.
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Contact for further information or clarification: Donna M. Merrill, RN, BSN, Medical Herbalist
Sage Herbal Healing, LLC • 302.235.2185 • Donna
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